Adjust kerning in photoshop. How Toward Adjust Kerning To Photoshop. Adjust kerning in photoshop

 
 How Toward Adjust Kerning To PhotoshopAdjust kerning in photoshop  Whatever type of

If you are not careful, you can inadvertently reduce the resolution of the text, which will make it appear fuzzy or pixilated. How to Adjust the Kerning in Illustrator Step 1. To make text more clear, start by selecting a high-quality font that has good readability at smaller sizes. It was set to 48pt, so i hit the up arrow and it jumps to 428. When using the Type tool, hold Alt (Mac: Option) ← or → (the arrow keys) to increase/decrease kerning/tracking. The result is a single text box that automatically flows your type across as. Need a fix for this fast!So we analyzed various approaches of spacing & kerning, and came up with an automated solution that is good enough in most cases. If you have multiple text layers, you can select all the text layers you wish to apply the same alignment to. ” This is what will let you specify how the. 3 pt, so i hit down, it jumps to 3734. Adobe Support Community. Moving text. There are various ways to add text, such as creating a new layer, selecting the Type Tool, and adjusting the font style, size, color, and. Tracking – What’s The Difference? How To Use. In this case, I want to adjust the white space between the letters K and e. Optical kerning evaluates the shapes of the letters and applies kerning to balance spacing differences between characters. you want tracking for controlling space between multiple letters. Click between the letters you wish to edit, then type in a kerning value in the kerning option of the Character Panel. Kerning adjusts the space between individual letterforms, while tracking (letter-spacing) adjusts spacing uniformly over a range of characters. Tracking requires the tweaking of one option, like kerning but controls all letters. Without kerning, each character takes up a block of space and the next character is printed after it. Here is my issue. To do this, select the text layer in the Layers panel and then click on the “Type” tool in the toolbar. After you add the bullet point, add a space. Quit while you’re ahead. . In the window that opens, scroll down to see the Preferences folder. In Figma, you’ll have to adjust the tracking for this specific section, since you can not change the kerning. To adjust kerning in Photoshop, select the text layer you want to modify, click on “Character” from the top toolbar, then change the “Kerning” value. 0:00 Intro 0:17 How to Adjust. To further complicate matters, a designer can first adjust the tracking of a block of text and then go in and adjust kerning to improve the overall look of the text. The right amount of kerning and tracking will make or break your design. To adjust kerning in Illustrator, select the Type tool, highlight the characters you want to kern, then modify the kerning value in the Character panel. . If you adjust the kerning between one pair of letters, you will have to adjust the others, similar to a domino effect – and do not rely on default software settings. I work for a large telecommunication corporation where our font specifically needs to be set to Optical Kerning to match our brand standards. Assignment slides can be found here: From. Then use Alt/Option + left/right arrow. Positive values move the character’s baseline above the baseline of the rest of the line; negative values move it below the baseline. Positive values move the character’s baseline above the baseline of the rest of the line; negative values move it below the baseline. Keep pressing the cursor keys (with Option. Alternatively, press Alternate or Option + Left/Right Arrow Key to adjust this value. To automatically adjust the spacing between selected characters based on their shapes, select Optical for the Kerning option in the Character panel. First, click the “Text” tool and put your cursor in between two letters -- I put mine in between the “K” and the “E”. Open any presentation and select the text you want to change the Character Spacing for, as shown in Figure 1 . Nonetheless, here’s how you do it. Confirmed in 2023, the Character Tracking script works! Elements 10, on Windows 10. To kern text in Photoshop, click between the two letters you wish to adjust on your text layer. How to manually adjust bad kerning. . Tracking mechanism not working on Proxima Nova Black, Adobe font. The direction aligns the text flush to the chosen side giving the other side a ragged. . Leading is the vertical space between lines of text. The type tool is activated by double-clicking between two letters of the text you want to kern. Kerning is best used when adjusting logos, headlines,. You can increase the letter spacing and also decrease it. Kerning adjusts the space between individual letterforms, while tracking (letter-spacing) adjusts spacing uniformly over a range of characters. I'm going to tap the T key to select the type tool, because I want to. Select the characters or type objects you want to change. Votes. In the Character panel or the Control panel, type or select a numeric value in the Kerning menu. In this tutorial, you’ll learn each is these techniques in-depth, but if you just require a fast way to adjust text spacing, following these steps: Align print. 1In Photoshop CS6 on OSX 10. Go to Window > Chars to open the Character Group. (Leading is measured in points. At first it works, BUT if you change some parameter in the "character panel" and come back to the text, it's no working anymore. Tracking. To adjust the kerning, select the text that you want to adjust, and then use the Kerning drop-down. What is kerning in photoshop – (Image Source: Pixabay. In general, the. "But, only very recently the spacing had become totally different between letters as seen above. In this Photoshop tutorial, you will learn how to change the way type is spaced with leading, kerning, tracking, and more. In CSS, you don’t have a convenient. Proceed and change the number values in the kerning tool in the Character panel. - Now select type tool. Select the Horizontal Type tool or the Vertical Type tool . How To Reset The Kerning Amount In Photoshop. Business Cards: Business professionals are. To smooth jagged edges in text. From here, you can adjust. To adjust kerning manually, place an insertion point between two characters, and set the desired value for the Kerning option in the Character panel. Mouse between the characters you wish to edit, then type in an kerning value in the kerning selection of the Symbol Panel. I'm curious if anyone knows of a method for creating jitter for kerning and tracking, so that a piece of text has randomized kerning/tracking values throughout without having to go through and edit the kerning and tracking every. Use the down arrow of the Kerning field and choose Metrics option to use a font’s built-in kerning information. . This is how to add bullet points to text in Photoshop, and how to type bullet points in Photoshop in general. If you have multiple text layers, you can select all the text layers you wish to apply the same alignment to. This video shows how to adjust the kerning (the spacing between two letters) when using Adobe Illustrator, Photoshop, or any other Adobe design programs. Kern in Three-Letter Blocks. 2. To adjust the space between multiple charachters at once, you. The space b/w consecutive lines of type. - Now type any text and then select the text. Manual kerning in Illustrator, as well as manual kerning in Photoshop, can be done by activating the type tool. . Place the cursor between two letters and Option+Left/Right adjusts kerning, or with a larger text selection the same commands adjust tracking. Auto-suggest helps you quickly narrow down your search results by suggesting possible matches as you type. When kerning type the keyboard shortcut adjusts spacing by +/-20 units. ) InDesign and Illustrator—which both place a strong emphasis on typography—allow you to adjust the default increment amounts in Preferences. Manual Kerning. Locked post. ” In the pop-up window that appears, select the “Vertical” option from the drop-down next to the word “Distance. It doesn't really help you though, just shifts from clicking the kerning in the Character window to clicking play on an action, and it only works once you've already made a type layer. Do this by clicking on the Kerning tool (K) or by selecting the Window > New. Quickly learn how to adjust tracking, leading, and kerning in Photoshop with the character panel. Tracking and Kerning aren't strictly the same. To adjust kerning in photoshop, select the type tool (t) and click between the two characters you want to edit. Leading is the vertical spacing between lines of type. Next, select your text layer while using the Type tool. Windows or. Now hold down Control and scrub in either the font size box in the Options bar or the Character panel. Tracking is usually referred to using the terms loose and tight. Tracking refers to adjusting spacing uniformly across a group of letters or words rather than individually like kerning does. You have click again in ANY field in ANY panel (ex. Solution #1: Change Text Engine Preferences. InDesign uses metrics kerning by default so that specific pairs are automatically kerned when you import or type text. In the next few minutes, we're going to take a look at the leading, kerning, and tracking options in Photoshop. 17. It's easier to find if. CreativePro has a great article that promotes the concept of kerning in three letter blocks. Adobe developers are aware and working on a fix. You can find Vanishing Point under the Filter menu (simply click Filter, then Vanishing Point). Turn on suggestions. 96 pt. This will detach the text from the path, and. I manged to finally fix this, by deleting Photoshop and not saving any of my presets or plugins and then installing it again - 13019601. To access the “Character” panel, simply click on the “Type” menu and then select “Character. The image below shows uniformed spacing, with each letter. Similarly, Option+Up/Down with a. ”. To set text direction. Trouble comes in finding the tool initially. Some fonts include robust kern-pair specifications. Quickly learn how to adjust tracking, leading, and kerning in Photoshop with the character panel. Type is the Photoshop tool to create vector outlines and mathematical shapes to define the symbols of a typeface. By setting the Kerning option in the Character panel to 0 (zero), you can disable kerning for a specific. For years I have just dealt with it but now have to use an all caps font for a regular client. Tracking. In the Character panel, set the Baseline Shift option. holding ALT doesn't help either. Positive values move the character’s baseline above the baseline of the rest of the line; negative values move it below the baseline. To automatically adjust the spacing between selected characters. There are various ways to add text, such as creating a new layer,. Converting this thread to a feature request, please vote on top if you are interested!Auto-suggest helps you quickly narrow down your search results by suggesting possible matches as you type. 4 Upvotes. The character style lists the kerning amount as part of the character style definition, even though you can’t actually set. If the above message ever doesn't redirect, it's - 5555998 - 2I understand you are facing issue with Adobe Photoshop Elements 14. To change the letter spacing in Photoshop, go to the Window menu and click Character. Click the left and/or right Arrow Keys until you find the right spacing. Tracking is the overall spacing between groups of letters. If you are unfamiliar with kerning, see Kerning and Using Kerning Classes. Positive values move the character’s baseline above the baseline of the rest of the line; negative values move it below the baseline. Pro-tip: If you want to make more detailed adjustments using this shortcut method, Click Command + K. To adjust kerning manually, place an insertion point between two characters, and set the desired value for the Kerning option in the Character panel. This does not mean that the characters actually touch, but instead it allows part of two characters to. Hello! I am wondering if it is possible to disable the baseline/underline that occurs when using the type tool. In the Kerning field in the Character panel, choose Auto, Optical, Metrics-Roman Only, or one of the preset values in the Kerning drop down menu. There are a few different ways you can change the spacing is your text using services so as kerning, tracking, leading, and baseline shifting. Today we are going to explore the meaning of the term “kerning”, discover how adjusting kerning improves design, and learn how to adjust kerning in. Positive values move the character’s baseline above the baseline of the rest of the line; negative values move it below the baseline. This one-minute tutorial teaches you how to increase and decrease the space between individual letters (kern. Select the characters or type objects you want to change. Click between the letters you wish to edit, then type in a kerning value in the kerning option of the Character Panel. Select the text you want to kern. To adjust kerning manually, place an insertion point between two characters, and set the desired value for the Kerning option in the Character panel. Yes, you can kern in Canva! To do so, simply select the text you want to kern and click on the “Text” button in the top toolbar. Type is a funny thing in that it can be a sort of optical illusion. Adjusting Tracking in Photoshop. If you don’t select any text, the shift applies to new text you create. It's a character setting. Click and drag to highlight the words to adjust. Kerning and tracking are strictly proportional to the current type size. 2. Next, use the keyboard shortcut Alt + Left/Right Arrow Keys (PC) or Option + Left/Right Arrow Keys (Mac) to space apart the characters on. Check out my Photoshop classes on Skil. In the Character panel, set the Baseline Shift option. As you can see in this picture, manual kerning is definitely the way to go. Using Kerning in Illustrator, you can adjust the spacing between specific pairs of letters. - Open "Edit Menu >Preference>Type". There are three values for it: Font-kerning—auto. In Photoshop CS6 on OSX 10. Inside Photoshop, there are a few easy ways you can adjust kerning using both keyboard shortcuts. What is kerning in photoshop – (Image Source: Pixabay. When the kerningMethod is automated (as 'Optical' or 'Metrical') kerning values have a default amount which you can read using myInsertionPoint. How to adjust sentence in ps quicker If you edit files in different formats day-to-day, the universality of your document solution matters a lot. Nonetheless, here’s how you do it. By setting the Kerning option in the Character panel to 0 (zero), you can disable kerning for a specific. It was introduced when the fix for a text leading issue was released. Once you unlock a text layer, you can edit the text just like any other layer. Click to position the type cursor between two letters, then use the Character panel’s kerning option to change the distance between them. 09/17/2008. At first it works, BUT if you change some - 12251591 Adobe Support CommunityTo kern text, highlight the letters that you would like to adjust or insert the cursor between two characters that you would like to adjust. It serves as a great way to stylize your text or better position things if you have multiple text sizes. Whatever type of. 1 Make sure that all of the text in the list of stories is still selected, then click to place the cursor in the Tracking value () portion of the Control panel, then type 10 and then press Enter (Windows) or Return (Mac OS. There is automatic kerning (set by selecting the text and cho. May 22, 2023Reasons why you should Learn Adobe Photoshop Towards the end of 20th century, computers became very popular and they took over most of the human processes. NOTE: Kerning affects the space after a character. Explore our graphic design tutorials and boost your design skills. In InDesign or Illustrator, you can adjust kerning by selecting the Type tool and clicking on the gap between two characters, before holding down alt/opt and using the left and right arrows. How to Alter Kerning in Adobe. I have a hard time accurately seeing the space between characters with this baseline feature. Kerning is the process of adjusting the spacing between characters in a proportional font, usually to achieve a visually pleasing result. In this Photoshop tutorial, you will learn how to change the way type is spaced with leading, kerning, tracking, and more. The keyboard shortcut of this is the letter (T), and if you hold click over that tool (or Shift + T several times) you'll see four options: Horizontal Type, Vertical Type,. In graphic programs like Adobe Photoshop, Illustrator, or InDesign, there are a few keyboard shortcuts that will make manual kerning a breeze. How to add text on Photoshop is the process of inputting written content onto an image or design using Adobe Photoshop software. Click between the letters you wish to edit, then type in a kerning value in the kerning option of the Character Panel. To unlock a text layer, simply click on the “Lock” icon in the Layers panel. I hope Adobe recognizes that in the future. To kern text in Photoshop: 1. When text is selected, the kerning control will give you a choice of optical or metrics, which will automatically apply different kerning unless manual kerning has been applied. 3. To adjust the kerning of your text in Photoshop, go Window > Character to reveal the Character Panel. We call this feature Smart Metrics. It controls the overall space between a selection of letters. ” In the pop-up window that appears, select the “Vertical” option from the drop-down next to the word “Distance. - Select the checkbox "Show Asian Text Options". Keyboard shortcuts save so much time and repetitive action. - [Instructor] In the next few minutes, we're going to take a look at the letting, kerning, and tracking options in Photoshop. To adjust kerning in Photoshop, select the Type Tool (T) and click between the two characters you want to edit. " That was most likely an issue with kerning. Positive values move the character’s baseline above the baseline of the rest of the line; negative values move it below the baseline. While kerning and tracking are different, they share a Photoshop keyboard shortcut. 1. 8 Replies. Jump to latest reply. This section covers how to edit both pair kerning and class kerning. Control-T, then drag a corner of the text to enlarge it, without holding down Shift (i. Note: Screenshots are taken from the Adobe Photoshop CC version. From there, you can adjust the kerning of your text using the slider bar. In the Character panel, set the Baseline Shift option. By understanding the nuances and differences between these elements, you can craft a visual message that is both effective and elegant. Step 1 - Understanding the Photoshop Character Panel. There are a few different ways you could change the spacing of your text using techniques such as kerning, tracking, lenken, and baseline shifting. First, click the “Text” tool and put your cursor in between two letters -- I put mine in between the “K” and the “E”. Be sure to SUBSCRIBE because there. How do you fix kerning? To adjust kerning visually, click between two letters with the Type tool, and then press Option (macOS) or Alt (Windows) + left/right arrows. ⭐️ Shortcut your success as a designer with T. To change kerning values by dragging characters, use the kern-tool handle that appears when the mouse cursor is hovering between two characters (see screenshot below). If you don’t select any text, the shift applies to new text you create. - Select "Text Tool" from the toolbox. It's located on the standard Tool Bar as a tiny T. Be sure to SUBSCRIBE because there. Let’s find the most complex pair of letters and adjust the spacing between them: The space between two characters should not be too wide that they fall apart and not too narrow that they glue. Positive values move the character’s baseline above the baseline of the rest of the line; negative values move it below the baseline. That’s the kerning tool. The first line of a paragraph. To change these preferences, simply go to: Edit > Preferences > Type. Our goal with kerning is to take the headline (or otherwise important type) and create consistent spacing, weight, contrast and so forth. Follow. But if I use arrow keys to move through the text the baseline remains hidden. CONTEXT: The Optical Kerning done by Illustrator is done via an algorithm which as far as I can tell is not within the CSS spec. put more space between each letter, highlight the text with the Type tool that you want to affect, then press Alt-Right Arrow (Windows) or Option-Right Arrow (Mac). To change the letter spacing in Photoshop, go to the Window menu and click Character. Kerning and tracking are strictly proportional to the current type size. When you click to place the insertion point between two letters, InDesign displays kerning values in the Character panel and the Control panel. You can use the built-in kerning values for the current font by marking the Auto Kern check box. You can set the Tracking there. Step 2: Adjust the kerning. This will open the Character panel, which allows you to adjust the font, size, and kerning of the selected text. YES!! Thank you, Steve for discovering that Ctrl+H and physically unchecking "Extras" in the menu provide different results! Physically unchecking is faster for me than hitting Ctrl+H, adjust, Ctrl+H, adjust, and so on. It's a character setting. However, with some fonts, you still need to adjust them yourself. Next, select your text layer while using the Type tool. Remember that the more you kern, the tighter the letters will be. Illustrator or Photoshop CC 2015. Follow these steps to use Tsume. Press Cmd+Option+Q (macOS) or Ctrl+Alt+Q (Windows). By isolating kerning pairs, you can more easily spot where adjustments need to be made. You can easily adjust letter spacing in Figma by changing the letter spacing percentage in your. It's a character setting. Kerning is the process of adjusting the spacing between two letters to avoid awkward spacing and improve legibility. In Adobe Illustrator, InDesign or Photoshop, click between the specific characters and adjust it by holding the alt key and hitting the left or right arrow key. What does leading mean in Photoshop? Leading is the amount of space between the baselines of consecutive lines of type, usually measured in points. All sorts of type choices and options become available to you through this window. Unlimited Fonts, graphic templates, print assets & more! Unlimited asset downloads! Get StartedEnvato Tuts+ teaches creative and technical skills across many topics to millions of people worldwide. That was most likely an issue with kerning. Select your text layer in the Layers Panel. How To Adjust Kerning Of Text In Photoshop. r/photoshop. If you don’t select any text, the shift applies to new text you create. This places the free transform bounding box and handles around the text, and we can. How do you fix kerning? To adjust kerning visually, click between two letters with the Type tool, and then press Option (macOS) or Alt (Windows) + left/right arrows. kerningValue , but this command fails if. Just press the Smart button to let the software automatically perform its magic: First, it does an optical analysis of all glyph shapes. To adjust kerning in Photoshop, select the text layer you want to modify, click on “Character” from the top toolbar, then change the “Kerning” value. Chat with me on Twitter. Open the Paragraph panel and click one of the three alignment options to align your selected text. First, in the Layers panel, select your text layer. Then, find your “Characters” panel. In the Character panel, set the Baseline Shift option. Learn about the relationship between the letters:. In order to tighten up those lines a bit there is a way to adjust the leading by point size. Tracking and manual kerning are cumulative, so you can first adjust individual pairs of letters, and then tighten or loosen a block of text without affecting the relative kerning of the letter pairs. . We have an article on the differences here, but the short-version is kerning is the space between two letters, while tracking is the space between all letters in a word/line. Changing text spacing in Photoshop Elements is easy to do with the help of a few features provided in the program. A blinking line will appear on your document and you should also see a new layer appear for the text. Community Expert , Jun 07, 2012. Kerning is spacing of text to obtain optimum design with character placement. How do you do tracking and kerning in Photoshop? Adjust kerning manually. Tracking, or letterspacing, is the space between characters in a word. The kerning definition in typography is both a term and a process. Kerning is the process of adjusting the spacing between two letters to avoid awkward spacing and improve legibility. How to adjust kerning in photoshop – (Image Source: Pixabay. There is a way to "kern" in photoshop elements or at least as close as any of the Type formatting tools in pse get. It’s generally easier to use shortcuts for kerning, however. I run into this problem with certain fonts which put too MUCH space between words. And I mean, adjust *actual* word spacing, not what CSP is doing. In this Figma tutorial, learn how to adjust kerning in Figma. To apply formatting to a single paragraph, click in a paragraph. Then, click on the “Advanced” tab and select “Character Spacing. To apply tracking it generally works in increments of 100. Here are 10 tips that’ll help. Select the characters or type objects you want to change. Pixelmator has rudimentary kerning, but I would wait till it goes on sale again. If you want a streamlined process to adjust the tracking of your text visually, follow these shortcuts: Select the text you wish to adjust. Editing your letters upside down can help you focus on the spacing of the words, rather than the meaning of the words, which can be distracting when editing. However, I have a really weird bug - I have the word "Essential. By isolating kerning pairs, you can easily spot where adjustments need to be made. Then, in the Character panel, open the drop. First, select the lines you want to adjust and then click the “Object” button at the top of the application. Click the left and/or right Arrow Keys until you find the right spacing. Using the character palette. To adjust the kerning, select the text that you want to adjust, and then use the Kerning drop-down menu in the. New comments cannot be posted. Kerning is the process of adjusting the spacing between characters in a proportional font, usually to achieve a visually pleasing result. How Toward Adjust Kerning To Photoshop. " The goal of kerning is to have equal distance between two. 0:00 Intro0:17 How to Adjus. With the. In this Photoshop tutorial, learn how to kern in Photoshop. This video shows how to adjust the kerning (the spacing between two letters) when using Adobe Illustrator, Photoshop, or any other Adobe design programs. If you want a streamlined process to adjust the tracking of your text visually, follow these shortcuts: Select the text you wish to adjust. Click on the Asian text option button and choose the value of Tsume to. 8 (don't know in Windows) kerning using ALT + arrows doesn't work properly. com) How can leading and kerning be changed in Photoshop? To change the kerning between two characters, press Alt/Option Left/Right Arrow on a Windows or Mac computer. To disable metrics kerning, select "0". Select the text box you wish to edit and then select the Home. When you click to place the insertion point between two letters, InCopy displays kerning values in the Character panel and the Control panel. When finishing off a design project, adjusting a logo, creating headlines, or editing typographic compositions, kerning is a part of the design process that designers take into consideration. To set the tracking tighter, highlight the text and then press Alt-Left Arrow or Option-Left Arrow. Select a piece of text and make sure that the Type Tool (T) is active before you start kerning text in Illustrator. Press "OK". Alternatively, press Alt or Option + Left/Right Arrow Key to adjust this value. To adjust spacing between specific pairs or classes of glyphs, open a Glyph window in Kerning mode. Auto-suggest helps you quickly narrow down your search results by suggesting possible matches as you type. Upvote Translate. I think the best solution is to put the cursor between the tightly spaced letters, hold down Option, and use the left and right arrow keys to adjust the kerning between those two characters (not the tracking, which is for increasing the letter spacing globally). cancel. Be sure to SUBSCRIBE because there. Improve this answer. Click on OK. Kerning regards insertion points between characters, so you'll usually get in trouble when targeting either the first or the last insertion points of a Story. Pro-tip: If you want to make more detailed adjustments using this shortcut method, Click Command + K. Kerning is best used when adjusting logos, headlines, and typographic compositions. To change the kerning between two characters, simply place the cursor between the two letters. . Super wide and then smash to no spacing with minimal adjustment. From the drop-down menu, select “Transform” and then “Move. Adjust the Kerning. To set the tracking looser i. Photoshop provides various kerning options via the Character panel. A few more kerning tips. Kerning involves adjusting your typography to look right rather than creating mathematically equal spacing. First, in the Layers panel, select your text layer. To use a specified spacing, select the Spacing between words value field and enter the distance. When you click to place the insertion point between two letters, InDesign displays kerning values in the Character panel and the Control panel. . With your cursor set between two letters, you can use the left. In the example below, you will see the difference in the word Kerning: In the image above, you will see gaps in between some letters and no gaps in between others. To adjust the kerning of your text in Photoshop, go Window > Character to reveal the Character Panel. Make sure to use the numeric keypad for numbers, and to turn Num Lock on. In the Paragraph section click on the dialog box launcher. Manual kerning is in your hands. There are adenine few different ways them can update to spacing of your text uses techniques such than kerning, tracking, leading, real baseline displace. Explorer , Nov 04, 2017. Learn exactly what formatting is in Photoshop also aforementioned different ways your can setup it. Many thanks. Translate. In this Photoshop tutorial, you will learn how to change the way type is spaced with leading, kerning, tracking, and more. In the Character panel, set the Baseline Shift option. Steve Werner. You can make an action that will change the currently selected type layer to have optical kerning. The kerning field is below the type. You can adjust the kerning of a font in Photoshop and Illustrator through the same Character palette that you use for leading. Similar to Photoshop, there will be a “V/A” tool, with a little arrow underneath the “A”. 2.